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Neuro-ophthalmology

Overview

Neuro-ophthalmology is a specialised field within both neurology and ophthalmology that addresses visual problems related to the nervous system. This subspecialty focuses on diagnosing and managing conditions where visual disturbances are linked to the nervous system rather than the eyes themselves.

Types

Optic Neuropathies

Diseases damaging the optic nerve

Papilledema

Swelling of the optic disc due to increased intracranial pressure.

Visual Field Defects

Loss of part of the visual field

Ocular Motor Nerve Palsies

Weakness or paralysis of eye muscles due to nerve damage

Myasthenia Gravis

Autoimmune disorder affecting the neuromuscular junction, leading to muscle weakness.

Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis)

Inflammatory disease of the blood vessels, often affecting arteries in the head

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system, including optic nerves

Brain Tumours

Tumours affecting visual pathways and brain structures.
Symptoms
  • Vision loss, pain with eye movement (Optic Neuritis).
    Sudden vision loss (Ischemic Optic Neuropathy).
  • Headaches, visual disturbances, nausea, vomiting
  • Loss of peripheral vision (Bitemporal Hemianopia).
  • Loss of vision on the same side in both eyes (Homonymous Hemianopia).
  • Double vision, drooping eyelid (Third Nerve Palsy).
  •  Eye turning inward (Sixth Nerve Palsy)
  • Ptosis (drooping eyelid), double vision, muscle weakness.
  • Severe headache, scalp tenderness, jaw claudication, sudden vision loss
  • Optic neuritis, double vision, involuntary eye movements
    Vision changes, visual field defects, headaches, nausea, neurological symptoms
Treatments @ ABO

Optic Neuritis:
Steroids, disease-modifying therapies for MS.
 Ischemic Optic Neuropathy:
Corticosteroids, addressing underlying conditions.                                  Papilledema
Treat underlying cause: tumour removal, managing intracranial pressure, medications for pseudotumour cerebr
 Bitemporal Hemianopia:
Surgery for pituitary tumours
Homonymous Hemianopia:
Rehabilitation, compensatory strategie
Third Nerve Palsy: Treat underlying cause, possible surgical intervention.
Sixth Nerve Palsy: Prism glasses, treat underlying conditions
Myasthenia Gravis
Anticholinesterase medications, immunosuppressant, possible thymectomy
Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis)
High-dose corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and prevent vision loss
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Disease-modifying therapies (e.g., interferons, monoclonal antibodies), steroids for acute symptom
Brain Tumours
Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, depending on the tumour type and location